Tillering dynamics in spring and summer of marandu palisade grass pastures previously used under deferred grazing / [Dinâmica de perfilhamento na primavera e no verão de pastagens de capim-marandu previamente utilizadas sob pastejo diferido]

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of deferred pasture condition of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in the late winter on tillering during the growing season. The treatments were three pasture conditions at late winter: short pasture, tall pasture and tall/mown pasture. In September and October, tiller appearance rate (TApR) and tiller mortality rate (TMoR) were greater in the tall/mown pasture. In November and December, tall pasture presented greater TApR. From November to January the TMoR was greater in the tall pasture. The tiller stability index of short and tall/mown pastures were greater in October. The short pasture presented a greater tiller number than the tall and tall/mown pastures during the entire experimental period. Deferred and short pasture of marandu palisade grass at late winter presents in general lower tiller mortality and higher population density of tillers from the early spring onwards, in comparison to tall pasture. The mowing of marandu palisade grass with high forage mass at the late winter, although it only temporarily compromises the population stability of tillers, also stimulates its fast tillering from spring on.(AU)

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da condição da pastagem diferida de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu ao final do inverno sobre o perfilhamento durante a estação de crescimento. Os tratamentos foram três condições de pastagem no final do inverno: pasto baixo, pasto alto e pasto alto/roçado. Nos meses de setembro e outubro, a taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos (TApP) e a taxa de mortalidade de perfilhos (TMoP) foram maiores na pastagem alta/roçada. Nos meses de novembro e dezembro, a pastagem alta apresentou maior TApP. De novembro a janeiro, a TMoP foi maior na pastagem alta. Os índices de estabilidade de perfilhos das pastagens baixas e altas/roçadas foram maiores em outubro. A pastagem baixa apresentou maior número de perfilhos do que as pastagens altas e altas/roçadas durante todo o período experimental. A pastagem diferida e baixa de capim-marandu no final do inverno apresenta, em geral, menor mortalidade de perfilhos e maior densidade populacional de perfilhos no início da primavera, em comparação com a pastagem alta. A roçada do capim-marandu com alta massa de forragem ao final do inverno, embora comprometa apenas temporariamente a estabilidade populacional dos perfilhos, também estimula o perfilhamento rápido a partir da primavera.(AU)

Caffeine intake reduces sedentary time and increases physical activity predisposition in obese police officers

Sedentary time is associated with increased obesity in police officers. Caffeine intake may reduce sedentary time but it has not been extensively investigated. In the present study, the effect of caffeine ingestion on sedentary time was investigated in obese police officers. Fourteen obese police officers ingested either 5 mg/kg of caffeine or cellulose (placebo) for six days. Information on inactivity time, time spent with physical activities, self-reported perception of tiredness, and physical activity disposition was obtained daily during the intervention period. Sedentary and physical activity times were divided into two intraday periods (T1: 08:00 am-02:00 pm and T2: 02:00 pm-08:00 pm). Caffeine intake decreased the sedentary time in both T1 (79.2±2.2%) and T2 (79.1±2.5%), when compared with T2 of the placebo condition (81.1±3.6%, P<0.05). Caffeine intake also increased the time spent on light physical activities in T1 and T2 (17±2 and 18±2%), when compared with T2 of the placebo condition (16±3%, P<0.05). In addition, sedentary time increased and light physical activity time decreased from T1 to T2 in the placebo (P<0.001) but not in the caffeine condition (P=0.81). Caffeine intake had no effect on tiredness (P>0.05), but it increased the self-reported physical activity disposition compared to the placebo condition (4.5±2.7 vs 3.2±2.3 units, P<0.05). Caffeine intake reduced the sedentary time and increased the time spent on light physical activities of obese police officers, which seems to be related to a higher disposition for the practice of physical activity.

Padronização do exame ultrassonográfico do prepúcio e da parte livre do pênis em bovinos / Standardization of ultrasound examination of the prepuce and free end of the bovine penis

A ultrassonografia é um exame complementar não invasivo ainda pouco utilizado na avaliação prepucial e sem descrições detalhadas da parte livre do pênis (PLP) de bovinos. Este estudo objetivou padronizar a ultrassonografia prepucial em bovinos hígidos da raça Nelore com um ano de idade e, para tanto, descreveu o aspecto da lâmina interna prepucial (LIP) e da PLP, determinando as principais janelas acústicas, a viabilidade da utilização de contraste no lúmen da cavidade prepucial (LCP) e o melhor posicionamento do animal para a realização do exame. O escaneamento foi realizado com os animais na posição quadrupedal e em decúbito lateral direito. Foram determinadas cinco janelas acústicas a partir do óstio até a identificação do recesso prepucial. Os escaneamentos foram realizados nos planos longitudinais, transversais e dorsais, antes e após a infiltração de solução fisiológica a 0,9% no LCP. Como conclusões, o exame ultrassonográfico permitiu identificar a LIP e a PLP em todos os planos e em todas as janelas acústicas propostas. O melhor ponto de referência é a identificação da glande. O posicionamento quadrupedal é mais adequado para a realização do exame e o uso de contraste é recomendado para delimitação topográfica das estruturas.(AU)

Ultrasonography is a noninvasive complementary exam that is still rarely used in the preputial evaluation and without detailed descriptions of the bovine free end of the penis. The purpose of this study was to standardize preputial ultrasonography in one-year-old healthy Nelore cattle, describing the main acoustic windows, the viability of using contrast in the preputial cavity and the best positioning of the animal for performing the ultrasound examination. The scanning was performed with the animals in standing and decubitus position. Five acoustic windows were determined from the preputial ostium to the preputial fornix, at the free end of the penis. The scans were performed in longitudinal, transverse and dorsal planes, before and after infiltration of 0.9% saline solution into the preputial cavity. As conclusions, the ultrasound examination is able to identify the internal layer and the free part of the penis in all proposed planes and acoustic windows. The best landmark is the identification of the glans. Furthermore, standing positioning is the most appropriate to perform the exam and the use of contrast is recommended for topographic delimitation of the structures.(AU)

Desempenho e termorregulação de porcas lactantes alojadas em diferentes localizações no interior de um galpão com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo em ambiente tropical / Performance and thermoregulation of lactating sows housed in different locations inside a shed with an evaporative cooling system in a tropical environment

The effects of housing lactating sows at different locations in a shed with evaporative cooling system (ECS) on their thermoregulation and reproductive and productive performance of the sow and the litter in summer were determined. 34 females were used in the three lines of cages at these locations: near the pad cooling; in the middle of the shed and near the exhaust fans. The air temperature and the temperature and humidity index (THI) were lower near the pad cooling (22.38ºC, 71.84) than the middle (24.56ºC, 74.82) and near the exhaust fans (25.00°C, 75.62). Respiratory rate, rectal and surface temperatures were lower in sows near the pad cooling (43.67 breaths.min -1 , 38.40°C; 29.51°C) than in the center (52.04 breaths.min -1 ; 38.48ºC; 32.02ºC) and near the exhaust fans (56.38 breaths.min-1, 38.93ºC; 32.52ºC). The backfat thickness, the weaning-estrus interval and daily average consumption of the sows, number of weaning piglets, corporal mass and daily average gain of the piglets were not influenced by the location of housing in the shed. Lactating sows housed in the middle and near the exhaust fans in the ECS presented increased thermoregulation physiological variables, however, this did not impair the performance.(AU)

Desvio para a esquerda associado a compartimento medular de reserva dos neutrófilos não esgotado em cadelas portadoras de piometra / Nuclear left deviation associated with medullary reserve compartment of non exhausted neutrophils in female dogs with pyometra

From fifteen female dogs with clinical diagnoses of pyometra, hematological exams were performed at three times: M0 (prior to the surgery), M24 (24h after ovarysalpingohisterectomy-OSH) and M48 (48h after OSH). Anemia was seen in 80% of the cases, characterized as mild normocytic normochromic type. The means of total leukocyte counts were 27.043, 57.940 and 40.139 céls/µL in M0, M24 and M48. A total of80% of the animals presented neutrophilic left shift in all moments. During medullar exams, the cellular, iron reserve and megakaryocytic concentration were raised as well as the ME ratio, showing a value of 26,3:1,0, probably due to the elevation of granular proliferation and maturation compartment, as the mean of the reserve compartment was within normal range. As 83% of the animals with neutrophilic left shift showed a melullary reserve compartment raised, it can be concluded that female dogs with piometra had left shift of neutrophils with disproportionally between compartments, without segmented medullar saturation.(AU)

Proposta de análise genética de curvas de crescimento de bovinos por meio do algoritmo SAEM / Proposal for genetic analysis of growth curves of cattle through the SAEM algorithm

Compararam-se duas diferentes metodologias na avaliação genética de curvas de crescimento de animais Nelore: o algoritmo SAEM e o método Two-step. Para a implementação dessas metodologias, foram utilizados o modelo de crescimento de Brody modificado e o modelo touro. A diferença entre o SAEM e o Two-step é que o algoritmo SAEM estima simultaneamente parâmetros do modelo e efeitos genéticos e ambientais, e o método Two-step faz esse processo de estimação em duas etapas distintas. Mais ainda, o algoritmo SAEM utiliza o método de máxima verossimilhança, e o do Two-step o de máxima verossimilhança restrita. Foram obtidos, com base nas metodologias testadas, além das estimativas de efeitos fixos e parâmetros genéticos, os valores genéticos preditos para os touros avaliados. A partir dos valores genéticos preditos, foram obtidas as curvas genéticas para os touros. O algoritmo SAEM mostrou-se consistente na estimação dos efeitos fixos e na predição dos efeitos aleatórios, apresentando-se como uma alternativa viável para avaliação genética de animais Nelore.

Two methodologies in genetic evaluation of growth curves of Nellore cattle were compared: the SAEM algorithm and the Two Step method. To implement these methodologies the Brody modified growth curve and the sire model were used. The difference between the SAEM and the Two Step is that SAEM estimates jointly the parameters of the model and genetics and environmental effects and the Two Step method does this process in two independent steps. Estimates of the fixed effects and genetics parameters, and prediction breeding values for the sires were obtained from the methodologies. From the breeding values genetic curves were obtained for the sires. The SAEM algorithm proved consistent in the estimation of fixed effects and prediction of random effects.

Seleção e classificação multivariada de modelos de crescimento não lineares para bovinos Nelore / Selection and multivariate classification of nonlinear growth model for Nelore cattle

Utilizou-se análise de agrupamento para classificar e selecionar modelos não lineares de crescimento de bovinos Nelore, tendo em vista os resultados de diferentes avaliadores de qualidade de ajuste. Ajustaram-se 12 modelos não lineares. A qualidade de ajuste dos modelos foi medida pelo coeficiente de determinação (R²), quadrado médio do erro (QME), critério de informação de Akaike (AIC), critério de informação Bayesiano (BIC), erro quadrático médio de predição (MEP) e coeficiente de determinação de predição (R²p). O modelo Brody foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste para o conjunto de dados.

This study aimed to evaluate cluster analysis in classifying and selecting non linear models to describe Nelore beef cattle growth based on different goodness of fit criteria tests. A total of 12 non linear models were evaluated based on the following criteria: the determination coefficient (R²), error mean square (QME), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), mean quadratic error of prediction (MEP) and predicted determination coefficient (R²p). The Brody model showed the best adjustment for the data set.

Citologia de medula óssea das primeiras seis semanas de vida de bovinos da raça Holandesa / Cytology of the bone marrow of the first six weeks of life of Holstein cattle

The possible changes in the bone marrow associated with hematological changes in peripheral blood during the first six weeks of life in cattle were evaluated. To this purpose, blood samples were evaluated at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of life, and cytologic examination of bone marrow at 2, 7, 21, and 42 days of life in 10 Holstein calves. The bone marrow examination showed, in different times, myeloid:erythroid ratio from 0.60 to 0.69. The erythroid lineage distribution remained pyramidal, with concentration of precursor cells above the initial reference values for adult cattle. Proliferation pool of myeloid lineage also remained above the reference range, with decreases of concentrations in the third and sixth weeks. In the lymphoid lineage, the concentration of lymphocytes showed a decrease in the first three weeks, with a tendency to rise in the sixth week.

Modelo hierárquico bayesiano aplicado na avaliação genética de curvas de crescimento de bovinos de corte / Bayesian hierarchical model appllied to genetic evaluation of beef cattle growth curves

A estimação dos componentes de (co)variância dos parâmetros de modelos de crescimento pode ser feita por vários métodos. A metodologia bayesiana se apresenta como uma forma alternativa de estimação. Foi realizado um estudo, por meio de dados simulados e de dados reais de animais Nelore, para a estimação dos componentes de (co)variância dos parâmetros do modelo de crescimento de Von Bertalanffy, por meio da metodologia hierárquica bayesiana. Com base nos componentes estimados, foram encontradas as herdabilidades para cada parâmetro do modelo e as correlações genéticas e ambientais entre esses parâmetros. As distribuições marginais a posteriori dos parâmetros a, R, μ, u, G e σ2e foram obtidas por meio do algoritmo Gibbs Sampler e as dos parâmetros b e k por meio do algoritmo Metropolis-Hastings. A metodologia se mostrou eficiente, proporcionando estimativas para os parâmetros próximas aos valores simulados. Os parâmetros a e k dos dados reais apresentaram valores de herdabilidades compatíveis com a realidade, indicando que esses parâmetros poderiam ser usados para fins de seleção.

The estimation of the (co)variance components for the parameters of the growth models can be evaluated by many methods. The Bayesian approach is an alternative method of the estimation. A study was performed using simulated and real data from Nelore cattle for estimation of the (co)variance components for the parameters of Von Bertalanffy growth curve, using a bayesian hierarchical model. From the estimated components, the heritabilities for each parameter and genetic and environmental correlations between these parameters were determined. The samples of posterior marginal distributions for the parameters a, R, μ , u, G, and σ2e were obtained by using Gibbs Sampler algorithm and for the parameters b e k by using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The efficiency of the bayesian inference methodology was verified since estimated parameters were quite close to the simulated ones. The parameters a and k from real data showed heritabilities compatible with the reality indicating they could be used in selection programs.

Normal flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery and carotid artery intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT) is a disease for which exact therapeutic approaches have not yet been established. Previous studies have suggested an association between SHT and coronary heart disease. Whether this association is related to SHT-induced changes in serum lipid levels or to endothelial dysfunction is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine endothelial function measured by the flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery and the carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in a group of women with SHT compared with euthyroid subjects. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoprotein A (apo A), apo B, and lipoprotein(a) were also determined. Twenty-one patients with SHT (mean age: 42.4 ± 10.8 years and mean thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels: 8.2 ± 2.7 µIU/mL) and 21 euthyroid controls matched for body mass index, age and atherosclerotic risk factors (mean age: 44.2 ± 8.5 years and mean TSH levels: 1.4 ± 0.6 µIU/mL) participated in the study. Lipid parameters (except HDL-C and apo A, which were lower) and IMT values were higher in the common carotid and carotid bifurcation of SHT patients with positive serum thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) (0.62 ± 0.2 and 0.62 ± 0.16 mm for the common carotid and carotid bifurcation, respectively) when compared with the negative TPO-Ab group (0.55 ± 0.24 and 0.58 ± 0.13 mm, for common carotid and carotid bifurcation, respectively). The difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that minimal thyroid dysfunction had no adverse effects on endothelial function in the population studied. Further investigation is warranted to assess whether subclinical hypothyroidism, with and without TPO-Ab-positive serology, has any effect on endothelial function.

The association of ACE gene D/I polymorphism with cardiovascular risk factors in a population from Rio de Janeiro

Our aim was to determine the frequencies of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene alleles D and I and any associations to cardiovascular risk factors in a population sample from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eighty-four adults were selected consecutively during a 6-month period from a cohort subgroup of a previous large cross-sectional survey in Rio de Janeiro. Anthropometric data and blood pressure measurements, echocardiogram, albuminuria, glycemia, lipid profile, and ACE genotype and serum enzyme activity were determined. The frequency of the ACE*D and I alleles in the population under study, determined by PCR, was 0.59 and 0.41, respectively, and the frequencies of the DD, DI, and II genotypes were 0.33, 0.51, and 0.16, respectively. No association between hypertension and genotype was detected using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Mean plasma ACE activity (U/mL) in the DD (N = 28), DI (N = 45) and II (N = 13) groups was 43 (in males) and 52 (in females), 37 and 39, and 22 and 27, respectively; mean microalbuminuria (mg/dL) was 1.41 and 1.6, 0.85 and 0.9, and 0.6 and 0.63, respectively; mean HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) was 40 and 43, 37 and 45, and 41 and 49, respectively, and mean glucose (mg/dL) was 93 and 108, 107 and 98, and 85 and 124, respectively. A high level of ACE activity and albuminuria, and a low level of HDL cholesterol and glucose, were found to be associated with the DD genotype. Finally, the II genotype was found to be associated with variables related to glucose intolerance.

Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence and genotypes in patients with diffuse connective tissue diseases and spondyloarthropathies

Many extrahepatic manifestations, including rheumatic diseases, have been reported to be associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In order to investigate the prevalence of HCV infection among patients with rheumatic diseases, in the present study we interviewed 367 patients and tested their blood samples for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-HCV-reactive samples were retested for confirmation by a line immunoassay and also for HCV RNA detection by the polymerase chain reaction. HCV RNA-positive samples were genotyped by INNO-LIPA. An overall HCV infection prevalence of 1.9 percent (7/367) was found. Of the 7 HCV-infected patients, 4 had systemic lupus erythematosus and 3 rheumatoid arthritis, resulting in positivity rates of 2.3 and 3.4 percent, respectively. HCV RNA genotyping revealed the presence of subtypes 1a (57.1 percent), 1b (28.6 percent) and 3a (14.3 percent). The clinical course was favorable for all HCV-infected patients, except one, who died due to renal insufficiency related to lupus nephritis. These results demonstrate a low HCV infection prevalence among the population studied. In the few positive cases, we observed no adverse influence of this infection on the clinical evolution of the rheumatic disease.

Selection for breed-specific growth hormone and IGF-I alleles in a synthetic beef cattle cross, Canchim

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as freqüências gênicas em diferentes geraçöes de bovinos da raça sintética Canchim (5/8 Charolês, 3/8 Zebu). Uma amostra de 154 animais, representando três classes de geraçöes de um rebanho da raça Canchim, foi analisada para sete marcadores moleculares. Uma amostra da raça Charolesa (N=36) foi incluída nas análises para permitir comparaçöes. Observou-se um aumento linear, altamente significativo (P < 0,01), na freqüência do alelo que codifica o aminoácido valina na posiçäo 127 do hormônio de crescimento, ao longo das geraçöes de Canchim. Este alelo foi observado na amostra da raça Charolesa e näo é encontrado em raças zebuínas nacionais. Quatro alelos foram observados para o microssatélite localizado na regiäo 5' näo transcrita do gene do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina do tipo I (IGF-I), com tamanhos variando de 231 a 225 pb. A freqüência do alelo de 225 pb apresentou um aumento significativo (P < 0,05) näo linear ao longo das geraçöes. Este alelo näo foi observado na raça Charolesa e é predominante nas raças zebuínas. Para o microssatélite CSFM50, seis alelos foram observados na raça Canchim, tendo sido verificada uma reduçäo linear (P < 0,05) na freqüência do alelo de 168 bp. A hipótese de acasalamento preferencial com relaçäo ao polimorfismo do hormônio de crescimento foi reforçada pelos resultados da análise de estatística F de Wright. O valor estimado de Fis para este loco foi 0,59 (P < 0,01). O aumento simultâneo de um alelo do hormônio de crescimento característico de Bos taurus e de um alelo de IGF-I característico de Bos indicus sugere que a seleçäo fenotípica tenha favorecido regiöes diferentes de ambos os genomas que entraram na formaçäo dessa raça.

Microsporum nanum. Relato do segundo caso de infeccao humana no Brasil. / Microsporum nanum. Report of the second case of infection in Brazil

E comunicado o segundo caso de infeccao humana por Microsporum nanum no Brasil. A investigacao epidemiologica visando determinar a fonte de infeccao nao obteve sucesso. O padrao dermatologico das lesoes foi o de Tinea corporis classica

Respuesta hemodinamica y metabolica en la peritonitis en el perro. / Hemodynamic and metabolic response in peritonitis of dogs

Se estudiaron variables hemodinamicas y metabolicas en 9 perros antes y despues de la induccion de una peritonitis grave, y tras la expansion del volumen sanguineo.Los animales mantuvieron el VO2 en base a hemoconcentracion en la primera etapa y por aumento del VM en la segunda para compensar la lesion celular septica.Se discute el significado de ambas situaciones

Pressão arterial e grupos sociais. Estudo epidemiológico / Arterial blood pressure and social groups. Epidemiological study

Foram estudados 1773 homens, de 20 a 70 anos, pertencentes a 7 grupos sociais e profissionais: 200 medicos, 167 trabalhadores rurais, 151 indios, 218 operarios de industrias, 205 presidiarios, 699 pracas e 163 oficiais da Marinha. Das varias variaveis analisadas, a idade, a raca, o peso corporal, o estresse emocional, a historia familiar de hipertensao, os grupos sociais e profissionais tiveram correlacao estatisticamente significativa com os niveis pressoricos. Encontrou-se uma prevalencia de hipertensos da ordem de 16,1%. A maior taxa de hipertensao foi observada no grupo de presidiarios (26,3%) e a menor no de oficiais (6,7%). De modo geral, os grupos de nivel social mais baixo demonstraram maior prevalencia de hipertensao arterial. Do total de hipertensos, 72,4% ignoraram a enfermidade, apenas 16% estavam sob tratamento, e destes, somente a metade exibia niveis normais de pressao arterial.Apenas 1 em cada 12 hipertensos tinha sua hipertensao controlada por tratamento eficaz

Meningocele intratoracico. / Intrathoracic meningocele

Se presenta un caso de meningocele intratoracico tratado quirurgicamente por el metodo de obturacion del antro medular por imbricacion de colgajos de las paredes. Se comenta la extrema infrecuencia de esta localizacion en la bibliografia universal.En la nacional, este seria el primer caso observado. Se advierte sobre la concomitancia con afecciones vertebrales por defecto oseo congenito y con la neurofibromatosis de Recklinghausen. Se establece que la reseccion quirurgica puede ser fuente de complicaciones neurologicas, tales como la infeccion y la hidrocefalia